Wednesday, 30 May 2012

Cortaid


Generic Name: hydrocortisone (Topical application route)

hye-droe-KOR-ti-sone

Commonly used brand name(s)

In the U.S.


  • Ala-Cort

  • Ala-Scalp HP

  • Anusol HC

  • Aquanil HC

  • Beta HC

  • Caldecort

  • Cetacort

  • Corta-Cap

  • Cortagel Extra Strength

  • Cortaid

  • CortAlo With Aloe

  • Corticaine

  • Corticool Maximum Strength

  • Cortizone-10

  • Cortizone-5

  • Cotacort

  • Delacort

  • Dermarest

  • Dermtex-HC

  • Foille Cort

  • Gly-Cort

  • Hydrozone Plus

  • Hytone

  • Instacort-10

  • Ivy Soothe

  • IvyStat

  • Keratol HC

  • Kericort 10

  • Lacticare-HC

  • Locoid

  • Locoid Lipocream

  • Medi-Cortisone Maximum Strength

  • Microcort

  • Mycin Scalp

  • Neutrogena T/Scalp

  • NuCort

  • Nupercainal HC

  • Nutracort

  • Pandel

  • Pediaderm HC Kit

  • Preparation H Hydrocortisone

  • Proctocream-HC

  • Recort Plus

  • Sarnol-HC Maximum Strength

  • Scalacort

  • Scalpcort

  • Summer's Eve Specialcare

  • Texacort

  • Therasoft Anti-Itch & Dermatitis

  • U-Cort

  • Westcort

In Canada


  • Barriere-Hc

  • Cortate

  • Cort-Eze

  • Cortoderm Mild Ointment

  • Cortoderm Regular Ointment

  • Emo-Cort

  • Emo-Cort Scalp Solution

  • Hydrocortisone Cream

  • Novo-Hydrocort

  • Novo-Hydrocort Cream

  • Prevex Hc

  • Sarna Hc

Available Dosage Forms:


  • Solution

  • Cream

  • Spray

  • Lotion

  • Ointment

  • Pad

  • Liquid

  • Gel/Jelly

  • Kit

  • Foam

  • Stick

  • Paste

Therapeutic Class: Corticosteroid, Weak


Pharmacologic Class: Adrenal Glucocorticoid


Uses For Cortaid


Hydrocortisone topical is used to help relieve redness, itching, swelling, or other discomfort caused by skin conditions. This medicine is a corticosteroid (cortisone-like medicine or steroid).


This medicine is available both over-the-counter (OTC) and with your doctor's prescription.


Before Using Cortaid


In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For this medicine, the following should be considered:


Allergies


Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.


Pediatric


Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated pediatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of hydrocortisone topical in the pediatric population. However, because of this medicine's toxicity, it should be used with caution. Children may absorb large amounts through the skin, which can cause serious side effects. If your child is using this medicine, follow your doctor's instructions very carefully.


Geriatric


No information is available on the relationship of age to the effects of hydrocortisone topical in geriatric patients.


Interactions with Medicines


Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. Tell your healthcare professional if you are taking any other prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) medicine.


Interactions with Food/Tobacco/Alcohol


Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco.


Other Medical Problems


The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this medicine. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:


  • Cushing's syndrome (adrenal gland disorder) or

  • Diabetes or

  • Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) or

  • Intracranial hypertension (increased pressure in the head)—Use with caution. May make these conditions worse.

  • Infection of the skin at or near the place of application or

  • Large sores, broken skin, or severe skin injury at the place of application—The chance of side effects may be increased.

Proper Use of hydrocortisone

This section provides information on the proper use of a number of products that contain hydrocortisone. It may not be specific to Cortaid. Please read with care.


It is very important that you use this medicine only as directed by your doctor. Do not use more of it, do not use it more often, and do not use it for a longer time than your doctor ordered. To do so may cause unwanted side effects or skin irritation.


This medicine is for use on the skin only. Do not get it in your eyes. Do not use it on skin areas that have cuts, scrapes, or burns. If it does get on these areas, rinse it off right away with water.


This medicine should only be used for skin conditions that your doctor is treating. Check with your doctor before using it for other conditions, especially if you think that a skin infection may be present. This medicine should not be used to treat certain kinds of skin infections or conditions, such as severe burns.


To use:


  • Wash your hands with soap and water before and after using this medicine.

  • Apply a thin layer of this medicine to the affected area of the skin. Rub it in gently.

  • With the lotion, shake it well before using.

  • Do not bandage or otherwise wrap the skin being treated unless directed to do so by your doctor.

  • If the medicine is applied to the diaper area of an infant, do not use tight-fitting diapers or plastic pants unless directed to do so by your doctor.

  • If your doctor ordered an occlusive dressing or airtight covering to be applied over the medicine, make sure you know how to apply it. Occlusive dressings increase the amount of medicine absorbed through your skin, so use them only as directed. If you have any questions about this, check with your doctor.

Dosing


The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.


The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.


  • For redness, itching, and swelling of the skin:
    • For topical dosage form (cream):
      • Adults—Apply to the affected area of the skin two or three times per day.

      • Children—Apply to the affected area of the skin two or three times per day.


    • For topical dosage form (lotion):
      • Adults—Apply to the affected area of the skin two to four times per day.

      • Children—Apply to the affected area of the skin two to four times per day.


    • For topical dosage form (ointment):
      • Adults—Apply to the affected area of the skin three or four times per day.

      • Children—Apply to the affected area of the skin three or four times per day.


    • For topical dosage form (solution):
      • Adults—Apply to the affected area of the skin three or four times per day.

      • Children—Apply to the affected area of the skin three or four times per day.



Missed Dose


If you miss a dose of this medicine, apply it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule.


Storage


Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.


Keep out of the reach of children.


Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.


Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.


Precautions While Using Cortaid


It is very important that your doctor check your or your child's progress at regular visits for any unwanted effects that may be caused by this medicine.


If your or your child's symptoms do not improve within a few days, or if they become worse, check with your doctor.


Using too much of this medicine or using it for a long time may increase your risk of having adrenal gland problems. The risk is greater for children and patients who use large amounts for a long time. Talk to your doctor right away if you or your child have more than one of these symptoms while you are using this medicine: blurred vision; dizziness or fainting; a fast, irregular, or pounding heartbeat; increased thirst or urination; irritability; or unusual tiredness or weakness.


Stop using this medicine and check with your doctor right away if you or your child have a skin rash, burning, stinging, swelling, or irritation on the skin.


Do not use cosmetics or other skin care products on the treated areas.


Cortaid Side Effects


Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.


Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:


Incidence not known
  • Blistering, burning, crusting, dryness, or flaking of the skin

  • irritation

  • itching, scaling, severe redness, soreness, or swelling of the skin

  • redness and scaling around the mouth

  • thinning of the skin with easy bruising, especially when used on the face or where the skin folds together (e.g. between the fingers)

  • thinning, weakness, or wasting away of the skin

Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:


Incidence not known
  • Acne or pimples

  • burning and itching of the skin with pinhead-sized red blisters

  • burning, itching, and pain in hairy areas, or pus at the root of the hair

  • increased hair growth on the forehead, back, arms, and legs

  • lightening of normal skin color

  • lightening of treated areas of dark skin

  • reddish purple lines on the arms, face, legs, trunk, or groin

  • softening of the skin

Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.


Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

See also: Cortaid side effects (in more detail)



The information contained in the Thomson Reuters Micromedex products as delivered by Drugs.com is intended as an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatment. It is not a substitute for a medical exam, nor does it replace the need for services provided by medical professionals. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before taking any prescription or over the counter drugs (including any herbal medicines or supplements) or following any treatment or regimen. Only your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist can provide you with advice on what is safe and effective for you.


The use of the Thomson Reuters Healthcare products is at your sole risk. These products are provided "AS IS" and "as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either express or implied. Thomson Reuters Healthcare and Drugs.com make no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, usefulness or completeness of any of the information contained in the products. Additionally, THOMSON REUTERS HEALTHCARE MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE OPINIONS OR OTHER SERVICE OR DATA YOU MAY ACCESS, DOWNLOAD OR USE AS A RESULT OF USE OF THE THOMSON REUTERS HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. Thomson Reuters Healthcare does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the Thomson Reuters Healthcare products.


More Cortaid resources


  • Cortaid Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Cortaid Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Cortaid Drug Interactions
  • Cortaid Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for Cortaid - Add your own review/rating


  • Cortaid Concise Consumer Information (Cerner Multum)

  • Anucort-HC cream, ointment, suppository Concise Consumer Information (Cerner Multum)

  • Anusol-HC Cream MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Carmol HC Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Carmol HC Concise Consumer Information (Cerner Multum)

  • Carmol HC MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Cortizone-10 Cream MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Hydrocortisone Acetate Monograph (AHFS DI)

  • Hydrocortisone with Aloe Cream MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Hytone Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Instacort Gel MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Locoid Cream MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Locoid Lipocream Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Locoid Lotion Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Nutracort Concise Consumer Information (Cerner Multum)

  • Nutracort Lotion MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Pandel Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Pediaderm HC Lotion MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • ProctoCream-HC Cream MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Proctocort Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Texacort Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • U-cort Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Westcort Prescribing Information (FDA)



Compare Cortaid with other medications


  • Anal Itching
  • Aphthous Stomatitis, Recurrent
  • Atopic Dermatitis
  • Dermatitis
  • Eczema
  • Gingivitis
  • Proctitis
  • Pruritus
  • Psoriasis
  • Seborrheic Dermatitis
  • Skin Rash

Tuesday, 29 May 2012

Pennsaid Solution



Pronunciation: dye-KLOE-fen-ak
Generic Name: Diclofenac
Brand Name: Pennsaid

Pennsaid Solution is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It may cause an increased risk of serious and sometimes fatal heart and blood vessel problems (eg, a heart attack, stroke). The risk may be greater if you already have heart problems or if you use Pennsaid Solution for a long time. Do not use Pennsaid Solution right before or after bypass heart surgery.


Pennsaid Solution may cause an increased risk of serious and sometimes fatal stomach ulcers and bleeding. Elderly patients may be at greater risk. This may occur without warning signs.





Pennsaid Solution is used for:

Treating pain in the knee joints caused by osteoarthritis. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.


Pennsaid Solution is an NSAID. Exactly how it works is not known. It may work by blocking certain substances in the body that are linked to inflammation. NSAIDs treat the symptoms of pain and inflammation. They do not treat the disease that causes those symptoms.


Do NOT use Pennsaid Solution if:


  • you are allergic to any ingredient in Pennsaid Solution

  • you have had a severe allergic reaction (eg, severe rash, hives, trouble breathing, growths in the nose, dizziness) to aspirin or another NSAID (eg, celecoxib, ibuprofen)

  • you have recently had or will be having bypass heart surgery

  • you have severe kidney problems

  • you are in the last 3 months of pregnancy

  • you are taking disulfiram or metronidazole

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.



Before using Pennsaid Solution:


Some medical conditions may interact with Pennsaid Solution. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

  • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement

  • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

  • if you have a history of kidney or liver problems, diabetes, or stomach or bowel problems (eg, bleeding, perforation, ulcers)

  • if you have a history of swelling or fluid buildup, asthma, growths in the nose (nasal polyps), or mouth inflammation

  • if you have high blood pressure, blood disorders (eg, porphyria), bone marrow problems, bleeding or clotting problems, heart problems (eg, heart failure), or blood vessel disease, or if you are at risk of any of these diseases

  • if you have poor health, dehydration or low fluid volume, low blood sodium levels, you drink alcohol, or you have a history of alcohol abuse

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Pennsaid Solution. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:


  • Anticoagulants (eg, warfarin), aspirin, clopidogrel, corticosteroids (eg, prednisone), direct factor Xa inhibitors (eg, rivaroxaban), heparin, prasugrel, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (eg, fluoxetine) because the risk of bleeding, including stomach bleeding, may be increased

  • Disulfiram, furazolidone, or metronidazole because a severe reaction that includes flushing, headache, fast or irregular heartbeat, trouble breathing, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness may occur

  • Azole antifungals (eg, itraconazole, voriconazole), bisphosphonates (eg, risedronate), or probenecid because they may increase the risk of Pennsaid Solution's side effects

  • Rifamycins (eg, rifampin) because they may decrease Pennsaid Solution's effectiveness

  • Cyclosporine, lithium, methotrexate, oral NSAIDs (eg, ibuprofen), quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin), or tenofovir because the risk of their side effects may be increased by Pennsaid Solution

  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (eg, enalapril) or diuretics (eg, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide) because their effectiveness may be decreased by Pennsaid Solution

  • Medicines that may harm the liver (eg, acetaminophen, ketoconazole, isoniazid, certain medicines for HIV infection, certain antibiotics or seizure medicines) because the risk of liver side effects may be increased. Ask your doctor if you are unsure if any of your medicines might harm the liver

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Pennsaid Solution may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.


How to use Pennsaid Solution:


Use Pennsaid Solution as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.


  • Pennsaid Solution comes with an extra patient information sheet called a Medication Guide. Read it carefully. Read it again each time you get Pennsaid Solution refilled.

  • Do not apply Pennsaid Solution to infected skin; open wounds; or red, swollen, or peeling skin.

  • Wash your hands immediately before and after using Pennsaid Solution.

  • Wash the affected area and dry completely before using Pennsaid Solution.

  • To apply Pennsaid Solution, dispense 10 drops at a time onto the knee or into your hand. Spread Pennsaid Solution evenly around the front, back, and sides of the knee. Repeat until you have used the whole dose.

  • Be sure that you cover your entire knee with your dose of Pennsaid Solution. Do not use more than the recommended amount.

  • Do not apply sunscreens, cosmetics, insect repellants, other topical medicines, or any other substance to the treated area until it is completely dry.

  • Do not put on clothes over the treated area until it is completely dry.

  • Do not wrap, bandage, or apply heat to the treated area.

  • Do not shower, bathe, or wash the treated area for at least 30 minutes after you use Pennsaid Solution.

  • If you miss a dose of Pennsaid Solution, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not use 2 doses at once.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Pennsaid Solution.



Important safety information:


  • Pennsaid Solution may cause dizziness. This effect may be worse if you take it with alcohol or certain medicines. Use Pennsaid Solution with caution. Do not drive or perform other possibly unsafe tasks until you know how you react to it.

  • Pennsaid Solution is for external use only. Do not get it in your eyes, nose, or mouth. If you get it in any of these areas, rinse right away with cool water.

  • Serious stomach ulcers or bleeding can occur with the use of Pennsaid Solution. Taking it in high doses or for a long time, smoking, or drinking alcohol increases the risk of these side effects. Taking Pennsaid Solution with food will NOT reduce the risk of these effects. Contact your doctor or emergency room at once if you develop severe stomach or back pain; black, tarry stools; vomit that looks like blood or coffee grounds; or unusual weight gain or swelling.

  • Do NOT use more than the recommended dose or use for longer than prescribed without checking with your doctor.

  • Pennsaid Solution is an NSAID. Before you start any new medicine, check the label to see if it has an NSAID (eg, ibuprofen) in it too. If it does or if you are not sure, check with your doctor or pharmacist.

  • Do not take aspirin while you are using Pennsaid Solution unless your doctor tells you to.

  • Do not expose the treated area to the sun, sunlamps, or tanning booths.

  • Pennsaid Solution may cause harm if it is swallowed. If you may have taken it by mouth, contact your poison control center or emergency room right away.

  • Lab tests, including kidney and liver function, blood electrolyte levels, complete blood cell counts, and blood pressure, may be performed while you use Pennsaid Solution. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.

  • Use Pennsaid Solution with caution in the ELDERLY; they may be more sensitive to its effects, especially stomach bleeding and kidney problems.

  • Pennsaid Solution should be used with extreme caution in CHILDREN; safety and effectiveness in children have not been confirmed.

  • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: Pennsaid Solution may cause harm to the fetus. Do not use it during the last 3 months of pregnancy. If you think you may be pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Pennsaid Solution while you are pregnant. It is not known if Pennsaid Solution is found in breast milk after topical use. Do not breast-feed while taking Pennsaid Solution.


Possible side effects of Pennsaid Solution:


All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:



Constipation; diarrhea; dry skin or mild irritation at the application site; gas; nausea; stomach upset.



Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; trouble breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); bloody or black, tarry stools; burning, numbness, or tingling of the skin; change in the amount of urine produced; chest pain; confusion; depression; fainting; fast or irregular heartbeat; fever, chills, or persistent sore throat; mental or mood changes; numbness of an arm or leg; one-sided weakness; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin; ringing in the ears; seizures; severe headache or dizziness; severe or persistent irritation at the application site; severe or persistent stomach pain or nausea; severe vomiting or diarrhea; shortness of breath; sudden or unexplained weight gain; swelling of the hands, legs, or feet; symptoms of liver problems (eg, dark urine, pale stools, persistent loss of appetite, yellowing of the skin or eyes, stomach pain, diarrhea); unusual bruising or bleeding; unusual joint or muscle pain; unusual tiredness or weakness; vision or speech changes; vomit that looks like coffee grounds.



This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.


See also: Pennsaid side effects (in more detail)


If OVERDOSE is suspected:


Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include decreased urination; loss of consciousness; seizures; severe dizziness or drowsiness; severe nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain; slow or troubled breathing; tremor; unusual bleeding or bruising; vomit that looks like coffee grounds.


Proper storage of Pennsaid Solution:

Store Pennsaid Solution at 77 degrees F (25 degrees C). Brief storage at temperatures between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C) is permitted. Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Pennsaid Solution out of the reach of children and away from pets.


General information:


  • If you have any questions about Pennsaid Solution, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

  • Pennsaid Solution is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.

  • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

  • Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Pennsaid Solution. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.



Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Pennsaid resources


  • Pennsaid Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Pennsaid Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Pennsaid Drug Interactions
  • Pennsaid Support Group
  • 3 Reviews for Pennsaid - Add your own review/rating


Compare Pennsaid with other medications


  • Osteoarthritis

EstroGel Transdermal


Generic Name: estradiol (Transdermal route)

es-tra-DYE-ol

Transdermal route(Emulsion)

Estrogens increase the risk of endometrial cancer; monitor for abnormal vaginal bleeding. Estrogens with or without progestins should not be used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or dementia. Increased risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, invasive breast cancer, pulmonary emboli, and deep vein thrombosis in postmenopausal women (50 to 79 years of age) have been reported. An increased risk of developing probable dementia in postmenopausal women 65 years of age or older has also been reported. Risks should be assumed to be similar for other doses, combinations, and dosage forms of estrogens and progestins. Estrogens, with or without progestins, should be prescribed at the lowest effective doses and for the shortest duration possible .


Transdermal route(Patch, Extended Release)

Estrogens increase the risk of endometrial cancer; monitor for abnormal vaginal bleeding. Estrogens with or without progestins should not be used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or dementia. Increased risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, invasive breast cancer, pulmonary emboli, and deep vein thrombosis in postmenopausal women (50 to 79 years of age) have been reported. An increased risk of developing probable dementia in postmenopausal women 65 years of age or older has also been reported. Risks should be assumed to be similar for other doses, combinations, and dosage forms of estrogens and progestins. Estrogens, with or without progestins, should be prescribed at the lowest effective doses and for the shortest duration possible.


Transdermal route(Gel/Jelly)

Estrogens increase the risk of endometrial cancer; monitor for abnormal vaginal bleeding. Estrogens with or without progestins should not be used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Increased risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, invasive breast cancer, pulmonary emboli, and deep vein thrombosis in postmenopausal women (50 to 79 years of age) have been reported. Risks should be assumed to be similar for other doses, combinations, and dosage forms of estrogens and progestins. Estrogens, with or without progestins, should be prescribed at the lowest effective doses and for the shortest duration possible .


Transdermal route(Spray)

Unopposed estrogens increase the risk of endometrial cancer. Adding a progestin will reduce the risk of endometrial hyperplasia, which may be a precursor to endometrial cancer. Diagnostic measures should be undertaken to rule out malignancy in postmenopausal women with undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal genital bleeding. Estrogens with or without progestins should not be used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or dementia. Increased risks of stroke and deep vein thrombosis in postmenopausal women (50 to 79 years of age) using estrogen alone have been reported. Increased risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, invasive breast cancer, pulmonary emboli, and deep vein thrombosis in postmenopausal women (50 to 79 years of age) using estrogens combined with progestins have been reported. An increased risk of developing probable dementia in postmenopausal women 65 years of age or older has also been reported in women receiving estrogen alone or estrogen combined with progestins. Risks should be assumed to be similar for other doses, combinations, and dosage forms of estrogens and progestins. Estrogens, with or without progestins, should be prescribed at the lowest effective doses and for the shortest duration possible. Breast budding and breast masses in prepubertal females and gynecomastia and breast masses in prepubertal males have been reported following unintentional secondary exposure. Patients should strictly adhere to recommended instructions for use .



Commonly used brand name(s)

In the U.S.


  • Alora

  • Climara

  • Divigel

  • Elestrin

  • Esclim

  • Estraderm

  • Estrasorb

  • EstroGel

  • Evamist

  • Menostar

  • Vivelle

  • Vivelle-Dot

In Canada


  • Estradot Transdermal

  • Estradot Transdermal Therapeutic System

  • Estradot Transdermal Therapeutic System

  • Oesclim

  • Rhoxal-Estradiol Derm 50

  • Rhoxal-Estradiol Derm 75

  • Roxal-Estradiol Derm 100

  • Vivelle 100 Mcg

  • Vivelle 25 Mcg

  • Vivelle 37.5 Mcg

Available Dosage Forms:


  • Patch, Extended Release

  • Gel/Jelly

  • Spray

  • Emulsion

Therapeutic Class: Endocrine-Metabolic Agent


Pharmacologic Class: Estrogen


Uses For EstroGel


Estradiol transdermal spray is used to treat moderate to severe hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause or low amounts of estrogen.


Estradiol is an estrogen hormone. The hormone from the spray is absorbed through your skin into your body. It works by preventing symptoms, such as feelings of warmth in the face, neck, and chest, or sudden strong feelings of heat and sweating ("hot flashes") in women during menopause.


This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription.


Before Using EstroGel


In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For this medicine, the following should be considered:


Allergies


Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.


Pediatric


Use of estradiol transdermal spray is not indicated in the pediatric population. Safety and efficacy have not been established.


Geriatric


Although appropriate studies on the relationship of age to the effects of estradiol transdermal spray have not been performed in the geriatric population, no geriatric-specific problems have been documented to date. However, elderly patients are more likely to have breast cancer, stroke, or dementia, which may require caution in patients receiving estradiol transdermal spray.


Pregnancy








Pregnancy CategoryExplanation
All TrimestersXStudies in animals or pregnant women have demonstrated positive evidence of fetal abnormalities. This drug should not be used in women who are or may become pregnant because the risk clearly outweighs any possible benefit.

Breast Feeding


Studies suggest that this medication may alter milk production or composition. If an alternative to this medication is not prescribed, you should monitor the infant for side effects and adequate milk intake.


Interactions with Medicines


Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are receiving this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.


Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.


  • Isotretinoin

  • Theophylline

  • Tizanidine

  • Tranexamic Acid

Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.


  • Alprazolam

  • Amoxicillin

  • Ampicillin

  • Amprenavir

  • Aprepitant

  • Atazanavir

  • Bacampicillin

  • Betamethasone

  • Bexarotene

  • Bosentan

  • Carbamazepine

  • Clarithromycin

  • Colesevelam

  • Cyclosporine

  • Darunavir

  • Delavirdine

  • Doxycycline

  • Efavirenz

  • Etravirine

  • Fosamprenavir

  • Fosaprepitant

  • Fosphenytoin

  • Ginseng

  • Griseofulvin

  • Itraconazole

  • Ketoconazole

  • Lamotrigine

  • Levothyroxine

  • Licorice

  • Minocycline

  • Modafinil

  • Mycophenolate Mofetil

  • Mycophenolic Acid

  • Nelfinavir

  • Nevirapine

  • Oxcarbazepine

  • Oxytetracycline

  • Phenobarbital

  • Phenytoin

  • Pioglitazone

  • Prednisolone

  • Primidone

  • Rifabutin

  • Rifampin

  • Rifapentine

  • Ritonavir

  • Rosuvastatin

  • Rufinamide

  • Selegiline

  • St John's Wort

  • Tacrine

  • Telaprevir

  • Tetracycline

  • Tipranavir

  • Topiramate

  • Troglitazone

  • Troleandomycin

  • Voriconazole

  • Warfarin

Interactions with Food/Tobacco/Alcohol


Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.


Using this medicine with any of the following may cause an increased risk of certain side effects but may be unavoidable in some cases. If used together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use this medicine, or give you special instructions about the use of food, alcohol, or tobacco.


  • Caffeine

  • Grapefruit Juice

Other Medical Problems


The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this medicine. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:


  • Abnormal or unusual vaginal bleeding or

  • Blood clots (e.g., deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism), active or history of or

  • Breast cancer, known or suspected, or a history of or

  • Heart attack, active or recent (within the past 12 months) or

  • Liver disease or

  • Stroke, active or recent (within the past 12 months) or

  • Surgery with a long period of inactivity or

  • Tumors (estrogen-dependent), known or suspected—Should not be used in patients with these conditions.

  • Asthma or

  • Cancer, history of or

  • Diabetes or

  • Edema (fluid retention or body swelling) or

  • Endometriosis or

  • Epilepsy (seizures) or

  • Gallbladder disease or

  • Heart disease or

  • Hypercalcemia (high calcium in the blood) or

  • Hypertension (high blood pressure) or

  • Hypertriglyceridemia (high triglycerides or fats in the blood) or

  • Hypocalcemia (low calcium in the blood), severe or

  • Hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid) or

  • Jaundice during pregnancy or from using hormonal therapy in the past or

  • Liver tumors or

  • Migraine headache or

  • Porphyria (an enzyme problem) or

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)—Use with caution. May make these conditions worse.

Proper Use of estradiol

This section provides information on the proper use of a number of products that contain estradiol. It may not be specific to EstroGel. Please read with care.


It is very important that you use this medicine only as directed by your doctor. Do not use more of it, do not use it more often, and do not use it for a longer time than your doctor ordered. To do so may cause unwanted side effects.


This medicine is for use on the skin only. Do not get it in your eyes, nose, mouth, breast, or vagina. Do not use it on skin areas that have cuts, scrapes, or burns. If it does get on these areas, rinse it off right away with water.


This medicine comes with a patient information insert. Read and follow the instructions in the insert carefully. Ask your doctor if you have any questions.


Wash your hands with soap and water before and after using this medicine.


To use the spray:


  • The spray form of this medicine comes in an applicator that delivers a measured amount of estradiol to the skin with each spray. When using a new spray applicator, prime the pump by holding the spray upright and pumping 3 times. Priming is only necessary the first time you use a new spray applicator; do not prime again.

  • Apply the medicine to clean, dry, and unbroken skin on the inside of the forearm between the elbow and the wrist. Do not apply the medicine directly to your breasts or in or around the vagina.

  • Allow the medicine to dry for at least 2 minutes before dressing, and at least 1 hour before washing.

  • If your doctor tells you to increase your dose, move the applicator to an area of the skin next to your previous application site, before applying the second or third spray.

  • Do not rub Evamist® spray into your skin.

  • Do not allow your child to touch the area of the arm where the medicine was sprayed. If you cannot avoid being close with your child, wear clothes with long sleeves to cover the application site.

  • If your child comes in direct contact with the arm where the medicine was sprayed, wash your child's skin right away with soap and water.

  • Do not allow your pets to lick or touch the arm where the medicine was sprayed.

  • Always place the protective cover back on the applicator of the spray.

  • Do not use the applicator for more than 75 sprays.

  • Apply sunscreen at least 1 hour before applying Evamist®.

The spray contains alcohol and is flammable. Avoid using it near an open flame or while smoking.


Dosing


The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.


The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.


  • For transdermal dosage form (spray):
    • For hot flashes and other symptoms caused by menopause:
      • Adults—At first, one spray once a day, usually in the morning. Your doctor may adjust your dose as needed.

      • Children—Use is not recommended.



Missed Dose


If you miss a dose of this medicine, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.


Do not use Evamist® spray if it has been more than 12 hours since you missed your last dose.


Storage


Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.


Keep out of the reach of children.


Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.


Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.


Precautions While Using EstroGel


It is very important that your doctor check your progress at regular visits to make sure this medicine is working properly and does not cause unwanted effects. Pelvic exam, breast exam, and mammogram (breast x-ray) may be needed to check for unwanted effects, unless your doctor tells you otherwise.


It is unlikely that a postmenopausal woman may become pregnant. But, you should know that using this medicine while you are pregnant could harm your unborn baby. If you think you have become pregnant while using the medicine, tell your doctor right away.


Using large doses of this medicine over a long period of time may increase your risk of heart attack, stroke, blood clots, dementia, breast cancer, or uterine cancer. Talk with your doctor about this risk. If you still have your uterus (womb), ask your doctor if you should also use a progestin medicine.


Your risk of heart disease or stroke from this medicine is higher if you smoke. Your risk is also increased if you have diabetes or high cholesterol, or if you are overweight. Talk with your doctor about ways to stop smoking. Keep your diabetes under control. Ask your doctor about diet and exercise to control your weight and blood cholesterol level.


Tell the medical doctor or dentist in charge that you are using this medicine before any kind of surgery (including dental surgery) or emergency treatment. Your doctor will decide whether you should continue using this medicine.


This medicine may also increase your risk of certain types of cancer. Talk to your doctor if you have concerns about this risk.


Using this medicine alone may increase your risk of getting cancer of the uterus (womb). Check with your doctor right away if you have unusual vaginal bleeding while you are using this medicine.


Stop using this medicine and check with your doctor immediately if severe headache or sudden loss of vision or any other change in vision occurs while you are using this medicine. Your doctor may want you to have your eyes checked by an ophthalmologist (eye doctor).


Check with your child's doctor right away if your child starts to have the following symptoms: nipple or breast swelling or tenderness in females, or enlargement of the breasts in males. Your child may have been exposed to this medicine.


Do not allow your pets to lick or touch the arm where this medicine was applied. Small pets may be sensitive to this medicine. Call your pet's veterinarian if your pet starts to have the following symptoms: nipple or breast enlargement, swelling of the vulva, or any signs of illness.


Before you have any medical tests, tell the medical doctor in charge that you are taking this medicine. The results of some tests may be affected by this medicine.


Do not take other medicines or drink grapefruit juice unless you discuss it with your doctor. This includes prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) medicines and herbal (e.g., St. John's wort) or vitamin supplements.


EstroGel Side Effects


Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.


Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:


Incidence not known
  • Abdominal or stomach cramps or pain

  • acid or sour stomach

  • anxiety

  • backache

  • belching

  • blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin

  • bloating

  • blurred vision

  • breast tenderness, enlargement, pain, or discharge

  • change in vaginal discharge

  • changes in skin color

  • changes in vision

  • chest pain or discomfort

  • chills

  • clay-colored stools

  • clear or bloody discharge from the nipple

  • confusion

  • constipation

  • convulsions

  • cough

  • darkening of the urine

  • diarrhea

  • difficulty with breathing

  • difficulty with swallowing

  • dimpling of the breast skin

  • dizziness or lightheadedness

  • double vision

  • fainting

  • fast heartbeat

  • fever

  • fluid-filled skin blisters

  • full or bloated feeling or pressure in the stomach

  • headache

  • headache, severe and throbbing

  • heartburn

  • hives

  • indigestion

  • inverted nipple

  • irregular heartbeats

  • itching of the skin

  • itching of the vagina or genital area

  • joint or muscle pain

  • large, hive-like swelling on the face, eyelids, lips, tongue, throat, hands, legs, feet, or sex organs

  • light-colored stools

  • loss of appetite

  • loss of bladder control

  • lump in the breast or under the arm

  • migraine headache

  • mood or mental changes

  • muscle cramps in the hands, arms, feet, legs, or face

  • muscle spasm or jerking of all extremities

  • nausea

  • noisy breathing

  • numbness and tingling around the mouth, fingertips, or feet

  • pain during sexual intercourse

  • pain in the ankles or knees

  • pain or discomfort in the arms, jaw, back, or neck

  • pain or feeling of pressure in the pelvis

  • pain, redness, or swelling in the arm, foot, or leg

  • painful, red lumps under the skin, mostly on the legs

  • pains in the stomach, side, or abdomen, possibly radiating to the back

  • persistent crusting or scaling of the nipple

  • poor insight and judgment

  • problems with memory or speech

  • puffiness or swelling of the eyelids or around the eyes, face, lips, or tongue

  • rash

  • red, irritated eyes

  • redness or swelling of the breast

  • sensitivity to the sun

  • shortness of breath

  • skin thinness

  • sore on the skin of the breast that does not heal

  • sore throat

  • sores, ulcers, or white spots in the mouth or on the lips

  • stomach discomfort, upset, or pain

  • sudden loss of consciousness

  • sudden shortness of breath or troubled breathing

  • sweating

  • swelling

  • swelling of the abdominal or stomach area

  • thick, white vaginal discharge with no odor or with a mild odor

  • tightness in the chest

  • tremor

  • trouble recognizing objects

  • trouble thinking and planning

  • trouble walking

  • unexpected or excess milk flow from the breasts

  • unpleasant breath odor

  • unusual tiredness or weakness

  • unusually heavy or unexpected menstrual bleeding

  • vaginal bleeding or spotting

  • vomiting

  • vomiting of blood

  • wheezing

  • yellow eyes or skin

Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:


Less common
  • Back pain

  • difficulty with moving

  • muscle aches

  • muscle pain or stiffness

  • stuffy or runny nose

Incidence not known
  • Decreased interest in sexual intercourse

  • heavy bleeding

  • hives or welts

  • inability to have or keep an erection

  • increased hair growth, especially on the face

  • increased in sexual ability, desire, drive, or performance

  • increased interest in sexual intercourse

  • irritability

  • leg cramps

  • loss in sexual ability, desire, drive, or performance

  • loss of scalp hair

  • mental depression

  • mood disturbances

  • patchy brown or dark brown discoloration of the skin

  • redness of the skin

  • twitching, uncontrolled movements of the tongue, lips, face, arms, or legs

  • weight changes

Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.


Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.



The information contained in the Thomson Reuters Micromedex products as delivered by Drugs.com is intended as an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatment. It is not a substitute for a medical exam, nor does it replace the need for services provided by medical professionals. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before taking any prescription or over the counter drugs (including any herbal medicines or supplements) or following any treatment or regimen. Only your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist can provide you with advice on what is safe and effective for you.


The use of the Thomson Reuters Healthcare products is at your sole risk. These products are provided "AS IS" and "as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either express or implied. Thomson Reuters Healthcare and Drugs.com make no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, usefulness or completeness of any of the information contained in the products. Additionally, THOMSON REUTERS HEALTHCARE MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE OPINIONS OR OTHER SERVICE OR DATA YOU MAY ACCESS, DOWNLOAD OR USE AS A RESULT OF USE OF THE THOMSON REUTERS HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. Thomson Reuters Healthcare does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the Thomson Reuters Healthcare products.

Monday, 28 May 2012

NeoBenz Micro


Generic Name: benzoyl peroxide topical (BEN zoyl per OX ide)

Brand Names: Acne Treatment, Acne-Clear, Benzac AC, Benzac W, Benzashave 10, Benzashave 5, BenzEFoam, Benziq, Benziq Wash, BPO Foaming Cloths, Brevoxyl, Brevoxyl Acne Wash Kit, Brevoxyl-4 Creamy Wash Complete Pack, Brevoxyl-8 Creamy Wash Complete Pack, Breze, Clearplex, Clearskin, Clinac BPO, Desquam-E, Desquam-X 10, Desquam-X 5, Desquam-X Wash, Fostex Bar 10%, Fostex Gel 10%, Fostex Wash 10%, Inova, Lavoclen-4, Lavoclen-8, Loroxide, NeoBenz Micro, Neutrogena Acne Mask, Neutrogena On Spot Acne Treatment, Oscion, Oscion Cleanser, Oxy 10 Balance, Oxy Balance, Oxy Daily Wash Chill Factor, Oxy-10, Pacnex, PanOxyl, Panoxyl 10, Panoxyl 5, Panoxyl Aqua Gel, PanOxyl Maximum Strength Foaming Acne Wash, Persa-Gel, Seba-Gel, SoluCLENZ Rx, Triaz, Triaz Cleanser, Zaclir


What is NeoBenz Micro (benzoyl peroxide topical)?

Benzoyl peroxide has an antibacterial effect. It also has a mild drying effect, which allows excess oils and dirt to be easily washed away from the skin.


Benzoyl peroxide topical (for the skin) is used to treat acne.


Benzoyl peroxide topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.


What is the most important information I should know about NeoBenz Micro (benzoyl peroxide topical)?


There are many brands and forms of benzoyl peroxide available and not all brands are listed on this leaflet.


Do not use benzoyl peroxide topical while you are also using tretinoin (Altinac, Avita, Renova, Retin-A, Tretin-X). Using these medications together could cause severe skin irritation.

Use this medication exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use it in larger amounts or for longer than recommended.


Avoid getting this medication in your mouth or eyes. If it does get into any of these areas, rinse with water. Do not use benzoyl peroxide topical on sunburned, windburned, dry, chapped, irritated, or broken skin. Also avoid using benzoyl peroxide topical on wounds or on areas of eczema. Wait until these conditions have healed before using this medication.

Avoid using skin products that can cause irritation, such as harsh soaps, shampoos, or skin cleansers, hair coloring or permanent chemicals, hair removers or waxes, or skin products with alcohol, spices, astringents, or lime. Do not use other medicated skin products unless your doctor has told you to.


Benzoyl peroxide may bleach hair or fabrics. Avoid allowing this medication to come into contact with your hair or clothing.


It may take several weeks before your symptoms improve. Keep using the medication as directed and tell your doctor if your symptoms do not improve.


What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before using NeoBenz Micro (benzoyl peroxide topical)?


Do not use benzoyl peroxide topical while you are also using tretinoin (Altinac, Avita, Renova, Retin-A, Tretin-X). Using these medications together could cause severe skin irritation. FDA pregnancy category C. It is not known whether benzoyl peroxide topical will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant while using this medication. It is not known whether benzoyl peroxide passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.

How should I use NeoBenz Micro (benzoyl peroxide topical)?


Use exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.


Wash your hands before and after applying this medication. Shake the lotion well just before each use.

Clean and pat dry the skin to be treated. Apply benzoyl peroxide in a thin layer and rub in gently.


Do not cover the treated skin area unless your doctor has told you to.

Benzoyl peroxide topical is usually applied one to three times daily. Follow your doctor's instructions.


Benzoyl peroxide may bleach hair or fabrics. Avoid allowing this medication to come into contact with your hair or clothing.


It may take several weeks before your symptoms improve. Keep using the medication as directed and tell your doctor if your symptoms do not improve.


Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.

What happens if I miss a dose?


Use the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not use extra medicine to make up the missed dose.


What happens if I overdose?


Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.

What should I avoid while using NeoBenz Micro (benzoyl peroxide topical)?


Avoid getting this medication in your mouth or eyes. If it does get into any of these areas, rinse with water. Do not use benzoyl peroxide topical on sunburned, windburned, dry, chapped, irritated, or broken skin. Also avoid using benzoyl peroxide topical on wounds or on areas of eczema. Wait until these conditions have healed before using this medication.

Avoid using skin products that can cause irritation, such as harsh soaps, shampoos, or skin cleansers, hair coloring or permanent chemicals, hair removers or waxes, or skin products with alcohol, spices, astringents, or lime. Do not use other medicated skin products unless your doctor has told you to.


Avoid using sunscreen containing PABA on the same skin treated with benzoyl peroxide, or skin discoloration may occur.


NeoBenz Micro (benzoyl peroxide topical) side effects


Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop using benzoyl peroxide and call your doctor at once if you have severe stinging or burning of your skin.

Less serious side effects may include:



  • mild stinging or burning;




  • itching or tingly feeling;




  • skin dryness, peeling, or flaking; or




  • redness or other irritation.



This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.


What other drugs will affect NeoBenz Micro (benzoyl peroxide topical)?


It is not likely that other drugs you take orally or inject will have an effect on topically applied benzoyl peroxide topical. But many drugs can interact with each other. Tell your doctor about all medications you use. This includes prescription, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor.



More NeoBenz Micro resources


  • NeoBenz Micro Side Effects (in more detail)
  • NeoBenz Micro Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • NeoBenz Micro Drug Interactions
  • NeoBenz Micro Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for NeoBenz Micro - Add your own review/rating


  • Acne Treatment Cream MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • BenzEFoam Foam MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Benzac Topical Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information

  • Benzac AC Wash MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Benzefoam Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Benzefoam Ultra Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Brevoxyl Gel MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Brevoxyl Creamy Wash Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Desquam-X Wash Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Inova Pads MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • NeoBenz Micro Wash Plus Pack Cream MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Neobenz Micro SD Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Neobenz Micro Wash Plus Pack Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Oxy Balance Topical Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information

  • Pacnex LP Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • PanOxyl Bar MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Triaz Cloths MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Triazolam Monograph (AHFS DI)



Compare NeoBenz Micro with other medications


  • Acne
  • Perioral Dermatitis


Where can I get more information?


  • Your pharmacist can provide more information about benzoyl peroxide topical.

See also: NeoBenz Micro side effects (in more detail)


Friday, 25 May 2012

Zonegran capsules






Zonegran 25 mg hard capsules



Zonegran 50 mg hard capsules



Zonegran 100 mg hard capsules


zonisamide



Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine.


  • Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.

  • If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or your pharmacist.

  • This medicine has been prescribed for you. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, even if their symptoms are the same as yours.

  • If any of the side effects gets serious, or if you notice any side effects not listed in this leaflet, please tell your doctor or pharmacist.



In this leaflet:


  • 1. What Zonegran is and what it is used for

  • 2. Before you take Zonegran

  • 3. How to take Zonegran

  • 4. Possible side effects

  • 5. How to store Zonegran

  • 6. Further information




What Zonegran Is And What It Is Used For


Zonegran is an antiepileptic medicine.


Zonegran is used to treat adults who are already taking other antiepileptic medicines but are still experiencing seizures that affect one part of the brain (partial seizure), which may or may not be followed by a seizure affecting all of the brain (secondary generalisation).




Before You Take Zonegran



Do not take Zonegran:


If you:


  • are allergic to any of the ingredients in Zonegran (see section 6. Further information),

  • are allergic to other sulphonamide medicines.



Take special care with Zonegran:


Zonegran belongs to a group of medicines (sulphonamides) which can cause severe allergic reactions, severe skin rashes, and blood disorders, which very rarely can be fatal (see section 4. Possible Side Effects).


Before you take Zonegran, tell your doctor if you:


  • are younger than 18 years old. Zonegran is not recommended for you.

  • are elderly, as your dose of Zonegran may need adjusting, and you may be more likely to develop an allergic reaction or severe skin rash when taking Zonegran (see section 4 Possible Side Effects).

  • suffer from liver problems, as your dose of Zonegran may need adjusting.

  • suffer from kidney problems as your dose of Zonegran may need adjusting.

  • have previously suffered from kidney stones, as you may be at increased risk of developing more kidney stones. Reduce the risk of kidney stones by drinking sufficient water.

  • live in a place or are on holiday in a place where the weather is warm. Zonegran can make you perspire less, which can cause your body temperature to increase. Reduce the risk of overheating by drinking sufficient water and keeping cool.

  • weigh less than 40 kg, or have lost a lot of weight as Zonegran can cause you to lose more weight.

    Tell your doctor as this may need to be monitored.

If any of these applies to you, tell your doctor before you take Zonegran.




Taking other medicines


Please tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, or have recently taken, any other medicines, including medicines obtained without a prescription.


  • Zonegran should be used carefully when taken with medicines that can cause kidney stones, like topiramate.

  • Zonegran could possibly increase your blood levels of medicines like digoxin and quinidine, and so a reduction in their dose may be required.

  • Other medicines like phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbitone and rifampicin can decrease your blood levels of Zonegran, which may require an adjustment of your dose of Zonegran.



Taking Zonegran with food and drink


Zonegran can be taken with or without food.




Pregnancy and breastfeeding


If you are a woman of childbearing age you must use adequate contraception while taking and for one month after stopping Zonegran.


Tell your doctor immediately if you might be, or are pregnant, or are planning to get pregnant.


You must only take Zonegran during your pregnancy if your doctor tells you to. Research has shown an increased risk of birth defects in children of women taking anti-epileptic medicines.



Do not breastfeed whilst taking, or for one month after stopping Zonegran.




Driving and using machines


Zonegran may affect your concentration, ability to react/respond, and may make you feel sleepy, particularly at the beginning of your treatment or after your dose is increased. Be especially careful while driving or operating machinery, if Zonegran affects you in this way.




Important information about some of the ingredients of Zonegran


Zonegran 100 mg hard capsules contain a yellow colour called sunset yellow FCF (E110) and a red colour called allura red AC (E129), which may cause allergic reactions (see section 6 – Further Information).





How To Take Zonegran


Always take Zonegran exactly as your doctor has told you. You should check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure.



The usual adult dose


  • The starting dose is 50 mg daily taken in two equal doses of 25 mg.

  • This may be increased by up to 100 mg at intervals of one to two weeks.

  • The usual daily dose is between 300 mg and 500 mg.

  • Some people respond to lower doses. The dose may be increased more slowly if you experience side effects, are elderly or if you suffer from kidney or liver problems.

If you feel that the effect of Zonegran is too strong or too weak, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.


  • Zonegran capsules must be swallowed whole with water.

  • Do not chew the capsules.

  • Zonegran can be taken once or twice daily, as instructed by your doctor.

  • It you take Zonegran twice a day, take half the daily dose in the morning and half in the evening.



If you take more Zonegran than you should


If you may have taken more Zonegran than you should, tell a carer (relative or friend), your doctor or pharmacist immediately, or contact your nearest hospital casualty department, taking your medicine with you. You may become sleepy and could lose consciousness. You might also feel sick, have a sore stomach, muscle twitches, eye movement, feel faint, have a slowed heart beat, and reduced breathing and kidney function. Do not try to drive.




If you forget to take Zonegran


  • If you forget to take a dose, don’t worry: take the next dose when it is due.


  • Do not take double the dose to make up for the forgotten dose.



If you stop taking Zonegran


  • Zonegran is meant to be taken as a long-term medicine. Do not reduce your dose or stop your medicine unless your doctor tells you to.

  • If your doctor advises you to stop taking Zonegran your dose will be reduced gradually to lower the risk of more seizures.


If you have any further questions on the use of this product, ask your doctor or pharmacist.




Zonegran capsules Side Effects


Like all medicines, Zonegran can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.


Zonegran belongs to a group of medicines (sulphonamides) that can cause severe allergic reactions, severe skin rashes, and blood disorders, which very rarely can be fatal.



Contact your doctor immediately if you:


  • have difficulty breathing, a swollen face, lips or tongue, or a severe skin rash as these symptoms may indicate that you are having a severe allergic reaction.

  • have thoughts of harming or killing yourself. A small number of people being treated with antiepileptics such as Zonegran have had thoughts of harming or killing themselves.

  • have pain in your muscles or a feeling of weakness, as this may be a sign of abnormal muscle breakdown which can lead to kidney problems.

  • get a sudden pain in your back or stomach, have pain on urinating (passing water) or notice blood in your urine, as this may be a sign of kidney stones.



Contact your doctor as soon as possible if you:


  • have an unexplained skin rash, as this could develop into a more severe skin rash or skin peeling.

  • feel unusually tired or feverish, have a sore throat, swollen glands, or find that you bruise more easily, as this may mean you have a blood disorder.

  • have headaches, drowsiness, shortness of breath and loss of appetite as this could be a sign that your blood level of bicarbonate is too low, which your doctor may need to monitor or treat.

Your doctor may decide that you should stop using Zonegran.



The most common side effects of Zonegran are mild. They occur during the first month of treatment and usually decrease with continued treatment. The frequency of possible side effects listed below is defined using the following convention:


  • very common (affects more than 1 user in 10)

  • common (affects 1 to 10 users in 100)

  • uncommon (affects 1 to 10 users in 1,000)

  • rare (affects 1 to 10 users in 10,000)

  • very rare (affects less than 1 user in 10,000)

  • not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data).”


Very common side effects (affects more than 1 user in 10)


  • agitation, irritability, confusion, depression

  • poor muscle coordination, dizziness, poor memory, sleepiness, double vision

  • loss of appetite, decreased blood levels of bicarbonate (a substance that prevents your blood from becoming acidic)


Common side effects (affects 1 to 10 users in 100)


  • difficulty sleeping, strange or unusual thoughts, feeling anxious or emotional.

  • slowed thoughts, loss of concentration, speech abnormalities, abnormal skin sensation (pins and needles), tremor, involuntary movement of the eyes.

  • kidney stones.

  • skin rashes, allergic reactions, fever, tiredness, flu-like symptoms.

  • ecchymosis (a small bruise caused by blood leaking from broken blood vessels in the skin).

  • loss of weight, nausea, indigestion, stomach pains, diarrhoea (loose stools), constipation.


Uncommon side effects (affects 1 to 10 users in 1000 patients)


  • anger, aggression, thoughts of suicide, suicide attempt.

  • vomiting.

  • gall bladder inflammation, gallstones.

  • urinary stones.

  • lung infection / inflammation, urinary tract infections.

  • low blood potassium levels, convulsions/seizures.


Very rare side effects (affects less than 1 user in 10,000 patients):


  • hallucinations, memory loss, coma, neuroleptic malignant syndrome (inability to move, sweating, fever, incontinence), status epilepticus (prolonged or repeated seizures).

  • breathing disorders, shortness of breath, inflammation of the lungs.

  • inflammations of the pancreas (severe pain in the stomach or back)

  • liver problems, kidney failure, increased blood levels of creatinine (a waste product that your kidneys should normally remove). .

  • severe rashes or skin peeling (at the same time you may feel unwell or develop a fever), itching.

  • abnormal muscle breakdown (you may feel pain or weakness in your muscles) which can lead to kidney problems.

  • swollen glands, blood disorders (reduction in the number of blood cells, which can make infection more likely and can make you look pale, feel tired and feverish, and bruise more easily).

  • decreased sweating, overheating.

If any of the side effects gets serious, or if you notice any side effects not listed in this leaflet, please tell your doctor or pharmacist.




How To Store Zonegran


Keep Zonegran out of the reach and sight of children.


Do not use Zonegran after the expiry date stated on the blister and the carton after EXP. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month.


Do not store above 30°C.


Do not use if you notice any damage to the capsules, blister or carton or any visible signs of deterioration in the medicine. Return the pack to your pharmacist.


Medicines should not be disposed of via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines no longer required. These measures will help to protect the environment.




Further Information



What Zonegran contains


The active substance in Zonegran is zonisamide. Zonegran 25 mg hard capsules contain 25 mg of zonisamide. Zonegran 50 mg hard capsules contain 50 mg zonisamide. Zonegran 100 mg hard capsules contain 100 mg zonisamide.


  • The other ingredients that are present in the capsule contents are: microcrystalline cellulose, hydrogenated vegetable oil and sodium laurilsulfate.

  • The capsule shell contains: gelatin, titanium dioxide (E171), shellac, propylene glycol, potassium hydroxide, black iron oxide (E172). Additionally the 100 mg capsule shell contains sunset yellow FCF (E110) and allura red (E129).


See Section 2 for important information about the ingredients: sunset yellow FCF (E110) and allura red AC (E129).




What Zonegran looks like and contents of the pack


  • Zonegran 25 mg hard capsules have a white opaque body and a white opaque cap and are printed with a logo and “ZONEGRAN 25” in black.

  • Zonegran 50 mg hard capsules have a white opaque body and a grey opaque cap and are printed with a logo and “ZONEGRAN 50” in black.

  • Zonegran 100 mg hard capsules have a white opaque body and a red opaque cap and are printed with a logo and “ZONEGRAN 100” in black.

Zonegran capsules are packaged in blister packs supplied in boxes containing:


  • 25 mg: 14, 28, 56 and 84 capsules

  • 50 mg: 14, 28, 56 and 84 capsules

  • 100 mg: 28, 56, 84, 98 and 196 capsules.

Not all pack sizes may be available.




Marketing Authorisation Holder



Eisai Ltd.

Mosquito Way

Hatfield

Herts

AL10 9SN

United Kingdom




Manufacturer



Eisai Manufacturing Ltd

Mosquito Way

Hatfield

Herts

AL10 9SN

United Kingdom



For any information about this medicine, please contact the local representative of the Marketing Authorisation Holder:
































United Kingdom

Eisai Ltd.

Tel:+ 44 (0) 208 600 1400




This leaflet was last approved in December 2009


Detailed information on this medicine is available on the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) web site: http://www.emea.europa.eu/.





Sunday, 20 May 2012

Gabapentin 400mg Capsules





1. Name Of The Medicinal Product



Gabapentin 400mg capsules


2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition



Each capsule contains 400mg of gabapentin



For excipients, see 6.1



3. Pharmaceutical Form



Capsules,hard



Size 0, orange-orange hard gelatin capsules printed with C and GL.



4. Clinical Particulars



4.1 Therapeutic Indications



Epilepsy



Gabapentin is indicated as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures with and without secondary generalisation in adults and children aged 6 years and above (see section 5.1).



Gabapentin is indicated as monotherapy in the treatment of partial seizures with and without secondary generalisation in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and above.



Treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain



Gabapentin is indicated for the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain such as painful diabetic neuropathy and post-herpetic neuralgia in adults.



4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration



For oral use.



Gabapentin can be given with or without food and should be swallowed whole with sufficient fluid intake (e.g. a glass of water).



For all indications a titration scheme for the initiation of therapy is described in Table 1, which is recommended for adults and adolescents aged 12 years and above. Dosing instructions for children under 12 years of age are provided under a separate sub-heading later in this section.
















Table 1


  


DOSING CHART – INITIAL TITRATION


  


Day 1




Day 2




Day 3




300mg once a day




300mg two times a day




300mg three times a day



Epilepsy



Epilepsy typically requires long-term therapy. Dosage is determined by the treating physician according to individual tolerance and efficacy. When in the judgment of the clinician there is a need for dose reduction, discontinuation, or substitution with an alternative medication, this should be done gradually over a minimum of one week.



Adults and adolescents:



In clinical trials, the effective dosing range was 900 to 3600mg/day. Therapy may be initiated by titrating the dose as described in Table 1 or by administering 300mg three times a day (TID) on Day 1. Thereafter, based on individual patient response and tolerability, the dose can be further increased in 300mg/day increments every 2-3 days up to a maximum dose of 3600mg/day. Slower titration of gabapentin dosage may be appropriate for individual patients. The minimum time to reach a dose of 1800mg/day is one week, to reach 2400mg/day is a total of 2 weeks, and to reach 3600mg/day is a total of 3 weeks.



Dosages up to 4800mg/day have been well tolerated in long-term open-label clinical studies. The total daily dose should be divided in three single doses, the maximum time interval between the doses should not exceed 12 hours to prevent breakthrough convulsions.



Children aged 6 years and above:



The starting dose should range from 10 to 15mg/kg/day and the effective dose is reached by upward titration over a period of approximately three days. The effective dose of gabapentin in children aged 6 years and older is 25 to 35mg/kg/day. Dosages up to 50mg/kg/day have been well tolerated in a long term clinical study. The total daily dose should be divided in three single doses, the maximum time interval between doses should not exceed 12 hours.



It is not necessary to monitor gabapentin plasma concentrations to optimize gabapentin therapy. Further, gabapentin may be used in combination with other antiepileptic medicinal products without concern for alteration of the plasma concentrations of gabapentin or serum concentrations of other antiepileptic medicinal products.



Peripheral neuropathic pain



Adults



The therapy may be initiated by titrating the dose as described in Table 1. Alternatively, the starting dose is 900mg/day given as three equally divided doses. Thereafter, based on individual patient response and tolerability, the dose can be further increased in 300mg/day increments every 2-3 days up to a maximum dose of 3600mg/day. Slower titration of gabapentin dosage may be appropriate for individual patients. The minimum time to reach a dose of 1800mg/day is one week, to reach 2400mg/day is a total of 2 weeks, and to reach 3600mg/day is a total of 3 weeks.



In the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain such as painful diabetic neuropathy and post-herpetic neuralgia, efficacy and safety have not been examined in clinical studies for treatment periods longer than 5 months. If a patient requires dosing longer than 5 months for the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain, the treating physician should assess the patient's clinical status and determine the need for additional therapy.



Instruction for all areas of indication



In patients with poor general health, i.e., low body weight, after organ transplantation etc., the dose should be titrated more slowly, either by using smaller dosage strengths or longer intervals between dosage increases.



Use in elderly patients (over 65 years of age)



Elderly patients may require dosage adjustment because of declining renal function with age (see Table 2). Somnolence, peripheral oedema and asthenia may be more frequent in elderly patients.



Use in patients with renal impairment Dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with compromised renal function as described in Table 2 and/or those undergoing haemodialysis. Gabapentin 100mg capsules can be used to follow dosing recommendations for patients with renal insufficiency.




















Table 2


 


DOSAGE OF GABAPENTIN IN ADULTS BASED ON RENAL FUNCTION


 


Creatinine Clearance (ml/min)




Total Daily Dosea (mg/day)







900-3600




50-79




600-1800




30-49




300-900




15-29




150b -600




<15c




150b -300



a Total daily dose should be administered as three divided doses. Reduced dosages are for patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 79ml/min).



b To be administered as 300mg every other day.



c For patients with creatinine clearance <15ml/min, the daily dose should be reduced in proportion to creatinine clearance (e.g., patients with a creatinine clearance of 7.5ml/min should receive one-half the daily dose that patients with a creatinine clearance of 15ml/min receive).



Use in patients undergoing haemodialysis



For anuric patients undergoing haemodialysis who have never received gabapentin, a loading dose of 300 to 400mg, then 200 to 300mg of gabapentin following each 4 hours of haemodialysis, is recommended. On dialysis-free days, there should be no treatment with gabapentin.



For renally impaired patients undergoing haemodialysis, the maintenance dose of gabapentin should be based on the dosing recommendations found in Table 2. In addition to the maintenance dose, an additional 200 to 300mg dose following each 4-hour haemodialysis treatment is recommended.



4.3 Contraindications



Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.



4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use



Suicidal ideation and behaviour have been reported in patients treated with anti-epileptic agents in several indications. A meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials of anti-epileptic drugs has also shown a small increased risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour. The mechanism of this risk is not known and the available data do not exclude the possibility of an increased risk for Gabapentin.



Therefore patients should be monitored for signs of suicidal ideation and behaviours and appropriate treatment should be considered. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be advised to seek medical advice should signs of suicidal ideation or behaviour emerge.



If a patient develops acute pancreatitis under treatment with gabapentin, discontinuation of gabapentin should be considered (see section 4.8).



Although there is no evidence of rebound seizures with gabapentin, abrupt withdrawal of anticonvulsants in epileptic patients may precipitate status epilepticus (see section 4.2).



As with other antiepileptic medicinal products, some patients may experience an increase in seizure frequency or the onset of new types of seizures with gabapentin.



As with other anti-epileptics, attempts to withdraw concomitant anti-epileptics in treatment refractory patients on more than one anti-epileptic, in order to reach gabapentin monotherapy have a low success rate.



Gabapentin is not considered effective against primary generalized seizures such as absences and may aggravate these seizures in some patients. Therefore, gabapentin should be used with caution in patients with mixed seizures including absences.



No systematic studies in patients 65 years or older have been conducted with gabapentin. In one double blind study in patients with neuropathic pain, somnolence, peripheral oedema and asthenia occurred in a somewhat higher percentage in patients aged 65 years or above, than in younger patients. Apart from these findings, clinical investigations in this age group do not indicate an adverse event profile different from that observed in younger patients.



The effects of long-term (greater than 36 weeks) gabapentin therapy on learning, intelligence, and development in children and adolescents have not been adequately studied. The benefits of prolonged therapy must therefore be weighed against the potential risks of such therapy.



Laboratory tests



False positive readings may be obtained in the semi-quantitative determination of total urine protein by dipstick tests. It is therefore recommended to verify such a positive dipstick test result by methods based on a different analytical principle such as the Biuret method, turbidimetric or dye-binding methods, or to use these alternative methods from the beginning.



Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.



4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction



In a study involving healthy volunteers (N=12), when a 60mg controlled-release morphine capsule was administered 2 hours prior to a 600mg gabapentin capsule, mean gabapentin AUC increased by 44% compared to gabapentin administered without morphine. Therefore, patients should be carefully observed for signs of CNS depression, such as somnolence, and the dose of gabapentin or morphine should be reduced appropriately.



No interaction between gabapentin and phenobarbital, phenytoin, valproic acid, or carbamazepine has been observed.



Gabapentin steady-state pharmacokinetics are similar for healthy subjects and patients with epilepsy receiving these antiepileptic agents.



Coadministration of gabapentin with oral contraceptives containing norethindrone and/or ethinyl estradiol, does not influence the steady-state pharmacokinetics of either component.



Coadministration of gabapentin with antacids containing aluminium and magnesium, reduces gabapentin bioavailability up to 24%. It is recommended that gabapentin be taken at the earliest two hours following antacid administration.



Renal excretion of gabapentin is unaltered by probenecid.



A slight decrease in renal excretion of gabapentin that is observed when it is coadministered with cimetidine is not expected to be of clinical importance.



4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation



Risk related to epilepsy and antiepileptic medicinal products in general



The risk of birth defects is increased by a factor of 2 – 3 in the offspring of mothers treated with an antiepileptic medicinal product. Most frequently reported are cleft lip, cardiovascular malformations and neural tube defects. Multiple antiepileptic drug therapy may be associated with a higher risk of congenital malformations than monotherapy, therefore it is important that monotherapy is practiced whenever possible. Specialist advice should be given to women who are likely to become pregnant or who are of childbearing potential and the need for antiepileptic treatment should be reviewed when a woman is planning to become pregnant. No sudden discontinuation of antiepileptic therapy should be undertaken as this may lead to breakthrough seizures, which could have serious consequences for both mother and child. Developmental delay in children of mothers with epilepsy has been observed rarely.



It is not possible to differentiate if the developmental delay is caused by genetic, social factors, maternal epilepsy or the antiepileptic therapy.



Risk related to gabapentin



There are no adequate data from the use of gabapentin in pregnant women.



Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown. Gabapentin should not be used during pregnancy unless the potential benefit to the mother clearly outweighs the potential risk to the foetus.



No definite conclusion can be made as to whether gabapentin is associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations when taken during pregnancy, because of epilepsy itself and the presence of concomitant antiepileptic medicinal products during each reported pregnancy.



Gabapentin is excreted in human milk. Because the effect on the breast-fed infant is unknown, caution should be exercised when gabapentin is administered to a breast-feeding mother. Gabapentin should be used in breast-feeding mothers only if the benefits clearly outweigh the risks.



4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines



Gabapentin may have minor or moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Gabapentin acts on the central nervous system and may cause drowsiness, dizziness or other related symptoms.



Even, if they were only of mild or moderate degree, these undesirable effects could be potentially dangerous in patients driving or operating machinery. This is especially true at the beginning of the treatment and after increase in dose.



4.8 Undesirable Effects



The adverse reactions observed during clinical studies conducted in epilepsy (adjunctive and monotherapy) and neuropathic pain have been provided in a single list below by class and frequency (very common (> 1/10), common (>1/100, <1/10), uncommon (>1/1000, <1/100) and rare (>1/10,000; <1/1,000). Additional reactions reported from the post-marketing experience are included as frequency 'not known' (cannot be estimated from the available data). Where an adverse reaction was seen at different frequencies in clinical studies, it was assigned to the highest frequency reported.



Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.



Infections and infestations



Very Common: Viral infection



Common: Pneumonia, respiratory infection, urinary tract infection, infection, otitis media



Blood and the lymphatic system disorders



Common: leucopenia



Rare: thrombocytopenia



Immune system disorders



Rare: allergic reactions (e.g. urticaria)



Not known: Hypersensitive syndrome, a systemic reaction with a variable presentation that can include fever, rash, hepatitis lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia and sometimes other signs and symptoms.



Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders



Common: anorexia, increased appetite



Psychiatric disorders



Common: hostility, confusion and emotional lability, depression, anxiety, nervousness, thinking abnormal



Rare: hallucinations



Nervous system disorders



Very Common: somnolence, dizziness, ataxia,



Common: convulsions, hyperkinesias, dysarthria, amnesia, tremor, insomnia, headache, sensations such as paresthesia, hypaesthesia, coordination abnormal, nystagmus, increased, decreased, or absent reflexes



Uncommon: hypokinesia



Rare: movement disorders (e.g. choreoathetosis, dyskinesia, dystonia)



Not Known: myoclonus, syncope



Eye disorders



Common: visual disturbances such as amblyopia, diplopia



Ear and Labyrinth disorders



Common: vertigo



Rare: tinnitus



Cardiac disorders



Rare: palpitations



Vascular disorder



Common: hypertension, vasodilatation



Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders



Common: dyspnoea, bronchitis, pharyngitis, cough, rhinitis



Gastrointestinal disorders



Common: vomiting, nausea, dental abnormalities, gingivitis, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, constipation, dry mouth or throat, flatulence



Rare: pancreatitis



Hepatobiliary disorders



Rare: hepatitis, jaundice



Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders



Common: facial oedema, purpura most often described as bruises resulting from physical trauma, rash, pruritus, acne



Rare: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, angioedema, erythema multiforme, alopecia



Musculoskeletal, connective tissue and bone disorders



Common: arthralgia, myalgia, back pain, twitching



Renal and urinary disorders



Common: incontinence



Rare: acute renal failure



Reproductive system and breast disorders



Common: impotence



Not known: breast hypertrophy, gynaecomastia



General disorders and administration site conditions



Very Common: fatigue, fever



Common: peripheral or generalized oedema, abnormal gait, asthenia, pain, malaise, flu syndrome



Rare: withdrawal reactions (mostly anxiety, insomnia, nausea, pains, sweating), chest pain.



Sudden unexplained deaths have been reported where a causal relationship to treatment with gabapentin has not been established.



Investigations



Common: WBC (white blood cell count) decreased, weight gain



Rare: Blood glucose fluctuations in patients with diabetes, elevated liver function tests SGOT (AST), SGPT (ALT) and bilirubin



Injury and poisoning



Common: accidental injury, fracture, abrasion



Under treatment with gabapentin cases of acute pancreatitis were reported. Causality with gabapentin is unclear (see section 4.4).



Respiratory tract infections, otitis media, convulsions and bronchitis were reported only in clinical studies in children. Additionally, in clinical studies in children, aggressive behaviour and hyperkinesias were reported commonly.



In patients on haemodialysis due to end-stage renal failure, myopathy with elevated creatine kinase levels has been reported.



4.9 Overdose



Acute, life-threatening toxicity has not been observed with gabapentin overdoses of up to 49g. Symptoms of the overdoses included dizziness, double vision, slurred speech, drowsiness, lethargy and mild diarrhoea.



All patients recovered fully with supportive care. Reduced absorption of gabapentin at higher doses may limit drug absorption at the time of overdosing and, hence, minimize toxicity from overdoses.



Although gabapentin can be removed by haemodialysis, based on prior experience it is usually not required.



However, in patients with severe renal impairment, haemodialysis may be indicated.



An oral lethal dose of gabapentin was not identified in mice and rats given doses as high as 8000mg/kg.



Signs of acute toxicity in animals included ataxia, laboured breathing, ptosis, hypoactivity, or excitation.



5. Pharmacological Properties



5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties



Pharmacotherapeutic groups: Other antiepileptics



ATC code: N03AX12



The precise mechanism of action of gabapentin is not known.



Gabapentin is structurally related to the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) but its mechanism of action is different from that of several other active substances that interact with GABA synapses including valproate, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, GABA transaminase inhibitors, GABA uptake inhibitors, GABA agonists, and GABA prodrugs. In vitro studies with radiolabeled gabapentin have characterized a novel peptide binding site in rat brain tissues including neocortex and hippocampus that may relate to anticonvulsant and analgesic activity of gabapentin and its structural derivatives. The binding site for gabapentin has been identified as the alpha2-delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels.



Gabapentin at relevant clinical concentrations does not bind to other common drug or neurotransmitter receptors of the brain including GABAA, GABAB, benzodiazepine, glutamate, glycine or N-methyl-daspartate receptors.



Gabapentin does not interact with sodium channels in vitro and so differs from phenytoin and carbamazepine. Gabapentin partially reduces responses to the glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in some test systems in vitro, but only at concentrations greater than 100µM, which are not achieved in vivo. Gabapentin slightly reduces the release of monoamine neurotransmitters in vitro.



Gabapentin administration to rats increases GABA turnover in several brain regions in a manner similar to valproate sodium, although in different regions of brain. The relevance of these various actions of gabapentin to the anticonvulsant effects remains to be established. In animals, gabapentin readily enters the brain and prevents seizures from maximal electroshock, from chemical convulsants including inhibitors of GABA synthesis, and in genetic models of seizures.



A clinical trial of adjunctive treatment of partial seizures in paediatric subjects, ranging in age from 3 to 12 years, showed a numerical but not statistically significant difference in the 50% responder rate in favour of the gabapentin group compared to placebo. Additional post-hoc analyses of the responder rates by age did not reveal a statistically significant effect of age, either as a continuous or dichotomous variable (age groups 3-5 and 6-12 years). The data from this additional post-hoc analysis are summarised in the table below:




















Response (


   


Age Category




Placebo




Gabapentin




P-Value




< 6 Years Old




4/21 (19.0%)




4/17 (23.5%)




0.7362




6 to 12 Years Old




17/99 (17.2%)




20/96 (20.8%)




0.5144



*The modified intent to treat population was defined as all patients randomised to study medication who also had evaluable seizure diaries available for 28 days during both the baseline and double-blind phases.



5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties



Absorption



Following oral administration, peak plasma gabapentin concentrations are observed within 2 to 3 hours.



Gabapentin bioavailability (fraction of dose absorbed) tends to decrease with increasing dose. Absolute bioavailability of a 300mg capsule is approximately 60%. Food, including a high-fat diet, has no clinically significant effect on gabapentin pharmacokinetics.



Gabapentin pharmacokinetics are not affected by repeated administration. Although plasma gabapentin concentrations were generally between 2µg/ml and 20µg/ml in clinical studies, such concentrations were not predictive of safety or efficacy. Pharmacokinetic parameters are given in Table 3.



Table 3



Summary of gabapentin mean (%CV) steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters following every eight hours administration




























































Pharmacokinetic parameter




300mg



(N = 7)




400mg



(N = 14)




800mg



(N=14)


   

 


Mean




%CV




Mean




%CV




Mean




%CV




Cmax (μg/ml)




4.02




(24)




5.74




(38)




8.71




(29)




tmax (hr)




2.7




(18)




2.1




(54)




1.6




(76)




T1/2 (hr)




5.2




(12)




10.8




(89)




10.6




(41)




AUC (0-8) μg•hr/ml)




24.8




(24)




34.5




(34)




51.4




(27)




Ae% (%)




NA




NA




47.2




(25)




34.4




(37)




Cmax = Maximum steady state plasma concentration



tmax = Time for Cmax



T1/2 = Elimination half-life



AUC(0-8) = Steady state area under plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to 8 hours postdose



Ae% = Percent of dose excreted unchanged into the urine from time 0 to 8 hours postdose



NA = Not available


      


Distribution



Gabapentin is not bound to plasma proteins and has a volume of distribution equal to 57.7 litres. In patients with epilepsy, gabapentin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are approximately 20% of corresponding steady-state trough plasma concentrations. Gabapentin is present in the breast milk of breast-feeding women.



Metabolism



There is no evidence of gabapentin metabolism in humans. Gabapentin does not induce hepatic mixed function oxidase enzymes responsible for drug metabolism.



Elimination



Gabapentin is eliminated unchanged solely by renal excretion. The elimination half-life of gabapentin is independent of dose and averages 5 to 7 hours.



In elderly patients, and in patients with impaired renal function, gabapentin plasma clearance is reduced.



Gabapentin elimination-rate constant, plasma clearance, and renal clearance are directly proportional to creatinine clearance.



Gabapentin is removed from plasma by haemodialysis. Dosage adjustment in patients with compromised renal function or undergoing haemodialysis is recommended (see section 4.2).



Gabapentin pharmacokinetics in children were determined in 50 healthy subjects between the ages of 1 month and 12 years. In general, plasma gabapentin concentrations in children > 5 years of age are similar to those in adults when dosed on a mg/kg basis.



Linearity/Non-linearity



Gabapentin bioavailability (fraction of dose absorbed) decreases with increasing dose which imparts non-linearity to pharmacokinetic parameters which include the bioavailability parameter (F) e.g. Ae%, CL/F, Vd/F. Elimination pharmacokinetics (pharmacokinetic parameters which do not include F such as CLr and T1/2), are best described by linear pharmacokinetics. Steady state plasma gabapentin concentrations are predictable from single-dose data.



5.3 Preclinical Safety Data



Carcinogenesis



Gabapentin was given in the diet to mice at 200, 600, and 2000mg/kg/day and to rats at 250, 1000, and 2000mg/kg/day for two years. A statistically significant increase in the incidence of pancreatic acinar cell tumors was found only in male rats at the highest dose. Peak plasma drug concentrations in rats at 2000mg/kg/day are 10 times higher than plasma concentrations in humans given 3600mg/day. The pancreatic acinar cell tumors in male rats are low-grade malignancies, did not affect survival, did not metastasize or invade surrounding tissue, and were similar to those seen in concurrent controls. The relevance of these pancreatic acinar cell tumors in male rats to carcinogenic risk in humans is unclear.



Mutagenesis



Gabapentin demonstrated no genotoxic potential. It was not mutagenic in vitro in standard assays using bacterial or mammalian cells. Gabapentin did not induce structural chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells in vitro or in vivo, and did not induce micronucleus formation in the bone marrow of hamsters.



Impairment of Fertility



No adverse effects on fertility or reproduction were observed in rats at doses up to 2000mg/kg (approximately five times the maximum daily human dose on a mg/m2 of body surface area basis).



Teratogenesis



Gabapentin did not increase the incidence of malformations, compared to controls, in the offspring of mice, rats, or rabbits at doses up to 50, 30 and 25 times respectively, the daily human dose of 3600mg, (four, five or eight times, respectively, the human daily dose on a mg/m2 basis).



Gabapentin induced delayed ossification in the skull, vertebrae, forelimbs, and hind limbs in rodents, indicative of fetal growth retardation. These effects occurred when pregnant mice received oral doses of 1000 or 3000mg/kg/day during organogenesis and in rats given 500, 1000, or 2000mg/kg prior to and during mating and throughout gestation. These doses are approximately 1 to 5 times the human dose of 3600mg on a mg/m2 basis.



No effects were observed in pregnant mice given 500mg/kg/day (approximately 1/2 of the daily human dose on a mg/m2 basis).



An increased incidence of hydroureter and/or hydronephrosis was observed in rats given 2000mg/kg/day in a fertility and general reproduction study, 1500mg/kg/day in a teratology study, and 500, 1000, and 2000mg/kg/day in a perinatal and postnatal study. The significance of these findings is unknown, but they have been associated with delayed development. These doses are also approximately 1 to 5 times the human dose of 3600 mg on a mg/m2 basis.



In a teratology study in rabbits, an increased incidence of post-implantation fetal loss, occurred in doses given 60, 300, and 1500mg/kg/day during organogenesis. These doses are approximately 1/4 to 8 times the daily human dose of 3600mg on a mg/m2 basis.



6. Pharmaceutical Particulars



6.1 List Of Excipients



Lactose Monohydrate



Maize Starch



Talc



Capsule shell



Titanium dioxide, E171



Yellow iron oxide, E172



Red iron oxide, E172



Gelatin



Printing ink



Shellac , E904



Titanium dioxide , E171



Brilliant Blue FCF Lake, E133



6.2 Incompatibilities



Not applicable.



6.3 Shelf Life



3 years



6.4 Special Precautions For Storage



Do not store above 25°C.



Store in the original package.



6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container



Aluminium/transparent PVC blisters



Each pack will contain either 30, 50, 60, 100 or 120 capsules.



Each blister strip will contain 10 capsules.



Not all pack sizes may be marketed.



6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling



No special requirements.



7. Marketing Authorisation Holder



Actavis UK Limited (Trading style: Actavis)



Whiddon Valley



Barnstaple



North Devon



EX32 8NS



8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)



PL 0142/ 0568



9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation



28/10/05



10. Date Of Revision Of The Text



22/09/2010